تويت
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He is ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (whose name was ʿAbd Manāf) ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib (whose name was Shaybah al-Ḥamd) ibn Hāshim (whose name was ʿAmr) ibn ʿAbd Manāf (whose name was al-Mughīrah) ibn Quṣayy ibn Kilāb ibn Murrah ibn Luʾayy ibn Ghālib ibn Fihr ibn Mālik ibn al-Naḍr ibn Kinānah ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyās ibn Muḍar ibn Nizār ibn Maʿadd ibn ʿAdnān.
His Father:
His name was ʿAbd Manāf, as previously mentioned, and his kunyah (honorific title) was Abū Ṭālib, derived from the name of his eldest son. That his name was ʿAbd Manāf is evidenced by the words of his father, ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib, when he entrusted him with the care of the Prophet ﷺ, saying:
"I entrust you, O ʿAbd Manāf, with the care of the monotheist after his father."
To which he replied:
"I have entrusted the one whose kunyah is Abū Ṭālib, ʿAbd Manāf, the man of experience, with the son of the beloved, the noblest of kin, the son of the one who has departed but will never be forgotten."
Abū Ṭālib was the brother of ʿAbdullāh, the Prophet’s father, both from the same mother and father. He raised the Prophet ﷺ as a child, protected him, supported him, and endured great hardship for his sake against the Quraysh polytheists. The Quraysh did not dare harm the Prophet ﷺ as long as Abū Ṭālib was alive. He did not publicly declare his Islam, for had he done so, he would not have been able to offer the same level of protection. However, he affirmed the truth of the Prophet's message in his poetry numerous times, saying:
"You called me, and I knew that you were truthful,
Indeed, you have spoken the truth, and you were always trustworthy.
And indeed, I knew that the religion of Muḥammad
Is the best of all religions on earth."
He also praised him in poetry that no non-Muslim would utter:
"By the House of Allah, you have lied in belittling Muḥammad,
For we shall fight for him and defend him.
We shall support him until we fall around him,
Neglecting our own children and wives for his sake.
He is the radiant one, by whose face rain is sought,
A refuge for orphans and a protector of widows.
The destitute of Banū Hāshim seek ****ter in him,
For they find with him blessings and generosity.
He is the scale of truth that never falters,
A measure of integrity whose weight is never unjust.
Do you not know that our son is never a liar
And that he is never overcome by falsehood?"
His Kunyah (Honorific Title):
He was known as Abū al-Ḥasan and Abū al-Ḥusayn. During the lifetime of the Prophet ﷺ, al-Ḥasan would call him Abā al-Ḥusayn while al-Ḥusayn would call him Abā al-Ḥasan. After the Prophet’s passing, both would refer to ʿAlī as their father.
He was also called Abū Turāb, a title given to him by the Prophet ﷺ. In al-Istīʿāb, it is mentioned that Sahl ibn Saʿd was asked to insult ʿAlī from the pulpit, to which he responded:
"How can I do that when the Prophet ﷺ himself called him Abū Turāb?"
He was asked how that came about, and he narrated that one day the Prophet ﷺ entered upon Fāṭimah and asked where her cousin was. She replied that he was lying in the mosque. The Prophet ﷺ found him there, with his cloak having fallen off his back and dust settling on him. The Prophet ﷺ began wiping the dust off, saying:
"Sit up, Abū Turāb!"
From then on, this name was the dearest to ʿAlī.
His Martyrdom, Age, and Duration of Caliphate:
He was martyred in the year 40 AH during the month of Ramaḍān. He was struck on the night of the 19th, a Wednesday night, and passed away on the night of the 21st, Friday night, which is the commonly accepted view. According to al-Ṭabarī and Ibn al-Athīr, he was struck on a Friday night on the 17th of Ramaḍān, and thus his death would have been on a Sunday night.
His age at the time of his death is widely debated. Some narrations state he was 63 years old, which is reported in al-Mustadrak from Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafiyyah. Other accounts suggest 64 or 65 years old. According to another report from al-Ḥākim in al-Mustadrak, he was 58 years old.
His caliphate lasted five years minus a few months. He was pledged allegiance to on the 5th of Dhū al-Ḥijjah, 35 AH. Al-Ḥākim narrates that his caliphate lasted five years minus three months.
His Self-Eulogy Before His Martyrdom:
Ibn al-Athīr relates that ʿAlī used to say:
"What prevents the most wretched one among you from dyeing this with this?"
— meaning his beard with the blood from his head.
On the night of his martyrdom, when geese were wailing around him, he said:
"Leave them, for they are mourners."
When al-Ḥasan was asked about his father's final night, he said:
"That night, my father was praying and woke his family, saying, ‘This is the night of Jumuʿah.’ Then I dozed off and saw the Prophet ﷺ in my dream. I said, ‘O Messenger of Allah, I have suffered from my people!’ He said, ‘Pray against them.’ So I said, ‘O Allah, replace them with those better than them and replace me with someone worse for them.’"
Then, Ibn Muljam struck him.
His Will:
He advised his sons Ḥasan and Ḥusayn:
"Fear Allah, do not seek the world even if it seeks you, do not grieve over what has passed, and speak the truth. Be merciful to orphans, assist the oppressed, and be enemies to the oppressor. Follow the Book of Allah, and fear no reproach in His cause."
He then instructed al-Ḥasan:
"Observe prayer, pay zakat, forgive sins, control anger, maintain family ties, be patient with the ignorant, gain knowledge, uphold the Qurʾān, be a good neighbor, and command good while forbidding evil."
Before his passing, he also said:
"Take care of my assassin. Feed him from my food and give him water from my drink."
His Burial:
He was buried in al-Gharī, near Najaf, as per his will. His grave was kept hidden due to fear of desecration by the Umayyads. Various locations were suggested to mislead those seeking his grave, but his close companions knew its true location.
مصدر المقال العربي من العتبة الحسينية المقدسة ( ذكرى استشهاد الإمام امير المؤمنين علي بن ابي طالب(عليه السلام)
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