دروس في اللغة الانكليزية للسادس العلمي

[ضيف]

Unit Five
Likelihood
A \\ Present
E.g.\
1-Nada does not come to school today.(have a holiday)
Use: a-may b-might possibly c-suppose…could d-perhaps e-probably
Ans. \
a-Nada may have a holiday.
b-Nada might possibly have a holiday.
c-I suppose Nada could have a holiday.
d-Perhaps Nada has a holiday.
e-Nada probably has a holiday.
2-Ali does not attend the meeting.
(Likelihood.Use:
Sick)
a-Ali may be sick.
b-Ali might possibly be sick.
c-I suppose Ali could be sick.
d-Perhaps Ali is sick.
e-Ali is probably sick.
3-Huda is absent today.
Likelihood.Use:
In Baghdad.
Ans.\
Huda may be in Baghdad.
4-Layla is not here.(playing in the garden) (perhaps)
Ans.\Prhaps Layla is playing in the garden.
B \\ Future
E.g.\
1-Ali drives fast.
(have an accident)
Use: a-expect b-chance c-probably d-perhaps)
Ans.\
a-I expect Ali will have an accident.
b-There is a chance Ali will have an accident.
c-Ali will probably have an accident.
d-Perhaps Ali will have an accident.
C \\ Past
E.g.\
1-Nada was absent yesterday.(go to the zoo) (Likelihood)
a-Nada may have gone to the zoo.
b-Nada might possibly have gone to the zoo.
c-I suppose Nada could have gone to the zoo.
d-Perhaps Nada went to the zoo.
d-Nada probably went to the zoo.
2-Ali went to the hospital last week.(sick)
(likelihood)
a-Ali may have been sick.
b-Ali might possibly have been sick.
c-I suppose Ali could have been sick.
d-Perhaps Ali was sick.
d-Ali was probably sick.
MORE EXAMPLES :
1-The weather is nice.(likelihood)
Ans.\
We may go to Mosul.
2-State the likelihood of her coming early.
Ans.\
She may come early.
3-Show the likelihood of Ali’s illness.
Ans.\
Ali may be ill.
4-Do you think it rains?(likelihood)
Ans.\
It may rain.
5-Is Ali studying for the exam?
(likelihood)
Ans.\
Perhaps Ali is studying for the exam.
6-The car stopped suddenly.(something wrong with the engine)
(likelihood)
Ans.\
Perhaps there was something wrong with the engine.

[ضيف]

Unit Five
Certainty
A \\ Present
E.g.\ The pupils are happy.(have a holiday) (certainty.Use:
1-certain(sure,positive)
2-certainly(surely, positively)
3-no doubt
Ans.\
1-I am sure they have a holiday.
2-They certainly have a holiday.
3-There is no doubt they have a holiday.
E.g.\ What ’s that man up to?(waiting for somebody)
(certainty.Use: certain)
Ans.\ I am certain he is waiting for somebody.
E.g.\ There is no sign of Sally.(still in bed)
(certainty)
Ans.\ There is no doubt she is still in bed.
E.g.\Ali is absent today.(in Kerbela)
(certainty)
Ans.\I am sure he is in Kerbela.
B \\ Past
E.g.\The teacher punished Nada.(certainty)
Use: 1-behaved badly
2-talkative
Ans.\I am sure she behaved badly.
2-She is certainly talkative.
C \\ Future
E.g.\Ali does n’t do well in the exam.(fail) (no doubt)
Ans.\There is no doubt Ali will fail.
MORE EXAMPLES
1-The weather is stormy.(sure)
Ans.\I am sure we shall stay at home.
2-Show the certainty of Huda’s failure.
Ans.\I am sure Huda will fail.
3-State the certainty of your running fast.
Ans.\There is no doubt I shall run fast.
4-Do you think she can succeed?(certainty)
Ans.\She can certainly succeed.
5-Has she done the job well?(no doubt)
Ans.\There is no doubt she has done the job well.
6-It has been raining heavily for days.(floods)(certain)
Ans.\I am certain there will be floods.
GOOD LUCK
Unit Six
Cause and Effect
1-because,since,as
E.g.\There was a sandstorm. They postponed the match.
(join.Use: a-because b-since
c-as)
Ans.\ a-They postponed the match because there was a sandstorm.
b-They postponed the match since there was a sandstorm.
c-They postponed the match as there was a sandstorm.
2-therefore,as a result
E.g.\ It was very heavy.
It sank to the bottom at once.(join.Use: a-therefore
b-as a result)
Ans.\a-It was very heavy;therefore,it sank to the bottom at once.
b-It was very heavy.As a result it sank to the bottom at once.
3-if
E.g.\He studies hard.
He passes the exam.(join.Use:if)
Ans.\If he studies hard, he will pass the exam.
b-He studied hard.
He passed the exam.(if)
Ans.\If he studied hard,he would pass the exam.
c-He had studied hard.
He had passed the exam.(if)
Ans.\If he had syudied hard,he would have passed the exam.
4-so…that
E.g.\It is raining very hard outside.
They can not go out.(so…that)
Ans.\It is raining so hard outside that they can not go out.
5-such…that
E.g.\He is a very hard working clerk.
He is going to be made a director.(such…that)
Ans.\He is such a hard working clerk that he is going to be made a director.
6-because of
E.g.\They sat in the shade.
The sun was hot.(because of)
Ans.\They sat in the shade because of the hot sun.
7-make,makes made
E.g.\The weather was hot.
I took my coat off.(make)
Ans.\The hot weather made me take my coat off.
E.g.\The news is good.
He is happy.(make)
Ans.\The good news makes him happy.
[How to change subject pronouns into object pronouns]
1-I-----me
2-He-----him
3-She-----her
4-They-----hem
5-We-----us
6-You-----you
7-It-----it
8-cause,causes,caused
Result in,results in,resulted in
Lead to,leads to ,led to
E.g.\There is heavy rain.
There will be floods.(join.Use:a-cause
b-result in c-lead to)
Ans.\a-The heavy rain causes floods.
b-The heavy rain results in floods.
c-The heavy rain leads to floods.
9-caused by
E.g.\Processes such as fermentation,decay and the like.
Germs.(caused by)
Ans.\Processes such as fermentation,decay and the like are caused by germs.
10-result from,results from
Resulted from
E.g.\Shylock was wicked.
He lost everything.(result from)
Ans.\Shylock’s losing everything results from his wickedness.
THE ANSWERS OF THE EX.
15.4 Page \\160
1-He was repairing the house
because he wanted to sell it.
2-The match was postponed since the weather was bad.
3-I took off my jacket as it was getting very hot.
4-The speaker hesitated because of a feeling of uncertainty.
5-Lack of planning leads to failure.
6-Strong winds result in floods.
7-Too much hard work causes fatigue.
8-Floods are caused by heavy rains.
9-Ali went to bed late;therefore,he is tired today.
10-Samir does n’t know where Firas lives.As a result he could not send him a letter.
11-The book is so easy that I
finished it in an hour.
12-Ali is such an old man that he can’t walk.
13-The hot weather makes me sweat.
14-If he is ready to listen,I shall speak to him.
A QUIZ \\\\
1-It was very dark.
We could n’t recognize them.
(join.Use: make)
2-Lack of rain led to drought.
(use because instead of led to)
3-It was too dark for us to see properly.
It was so------------.
(finish the sentence in such a way that it means exactly as the sentence before it)
4-Plant’s growth.
Fertilizers.(caused by)
5-Express the cause and effect relationship between Famine and Drought by making a meaningful sentence.
GOOD LUCK

[ضيف]

Unit Seven
Location
A \\ prepositions of place
1- at - on
E.g. \
a-The man is sitting at the bank of the river.
- He sat at a table (or at a desk).
b-She is sitting on a chair.
- There is a picture on the wall.
- The speaker is standing on the stage.
2- above - over
E.g. \
a-The ceiling is above my head.
b-There are many clouds over the village.
3- between - among
E.g. \
a-The Mediterranean Sea is between Europe and Africa.
b-He divided his wealth among his three sons.
3- Behind - beyond
E.g. \
a-The thief hid behind the door.
b-I can see a big house beyond the bridge.
4- under - beneath(underneath)
E.g. \
a- There are several boys swimming under the bridge.
b-The soldier is crawling beneath (underneath ) the barbed wires.
5- in - into
E.g. \
a-Some children are swimming in the river.
b-Some children are jumping into the river.
- You can obtain a supply of gas by inserting a coin into a meter.
- He threw his rod into the water.
7- along - across
E.g. \
a-She is walking along the bank of the river.
-There are many trees along the bank of the river.
b-There is a bridge across the river.
8- in front of - before
E.g. \
a-There are some trees in front of the house.
b-Your name comes before mine in the list.
9- towards - away from
E.g. \
Every morning ,all the pupils walk away from their houses ,towards their schools.
10- up - down
E.g. \
Some boys are climbing up the hill ,others are climbing down the hill.
11- round
E.g. \
The car is turning round the square.
B \\ location ( in a street )
E.g. \
1- Ask someone about the way to the petrol station.
Ans. \ Excuse me , can you tell ( show ) me the way to the petrol station?
2- Show someone the way to the Public Library.
Use the prompts:
( roundabout , 4th turning , left , right )
Ans. \
Oh , let me see.
Go along here till you get to (reach) the roundabout . Then take the fourth turning on the left.
The Public Library is on the right.
3-Show someone the way to the Post Office.
Use the prompts:
(traffic lights , 3rd turning , right , left )
Ans. \
Oh , let me see .
Go along here till you reach
( get to ) the traffic lights.
Then take the third turning on the right .The post office is on the left .
4- Show someone the way to the mosque.
Use the prompts :
(crossroad , left , right ,
A large building )
Ans. \
Oh , let me see .
Go along here till you reach
( get to )the crossroad .
Then turn left .The mosque is on the right .It is a large building .
6- Show someone the way to the bank.
Use the prompts :
( ahead (along here ), right , can’t miss it )
Ans. \
Go ahead ( along here ).
The bank is on the right.
You can’t miss it .
C \\ location (in an office)
E.g. \
1- Ask someone about the way to the filing department.
Ans. \ Excuse me , where can I find the filing department?
2- Show the way to the Sales Department.
Use the prompts :
( corridor , left , right )
Ans. \
Go down the corridor.
Then turn left . The Sales
Department is on the right.
3- Show the way to the manager’s office.
( 4th floor )
Ans. \
The manager’s office is on the fourth floor .
4- Show the way to the
Accountant’s room.
( up the stairs , left , room 14 , right )
Ans. \
Go up the stairs to the fourth floor .Then turn left .The accountant ’s room is door fourteen on the right.
5- Show the way to the clerk’s room.
( lift , 2nd floor , right )
Ans. \
Go along here till you get to the lift. Then go up to the second floor. The clerk’s room is on the right.
7- Show the way to the assistant’s room.
8- ( 2nd floor , lift )
9- Ans. \
The assistant’s room is on the second floor. The lift is over there.
GOOD LUCK .

[ضيف]

thank you so much
keep on

[مرتضى القرشي]

Well done and May God help you all that is good very good lesson for students of six

[ضيف]

Unit Eight
Oral Practice
Ability
1 – ability \ in the present
E . g .
Show human beings ability to think . ( Use : a – can b – able c – capable d – ability e – capacity )
Ans . \\
A – Human beings can think .
B – Human beings are able to think .
C – Human beings are capable of thinking .
D –Human beings have the ability to think .
E – Human beings have the capacity to think .
NOTE \\ (ability and capacity are the same in use )
E . g .
Ali can play tennis well . ( ability . Use : a – able b – ability )
Ans . \\
A – Ali is able to play tennis well .
B – Ali has the ability to play tennis well .
2 – ability \ in the past
E . g .
Show Huda ’s ability to drive a car when she was 18 years old . ( Use : a – can b – able c – capable d – ability )
Ans . \\
A – Huda could drive a car when she was 18 years old .
b- Huda was able to drive a car when she was 18 years old .
c – Huda was capable of driving a car when she was 18 years old .
d – Huda had the ability to drive a car when she was 18 years old .
E . g
Show the children ’s ability to play football last year . ( Use : able )
Ans . \\
The chilren were able to play football last year .
3 – non ability \ in the present
E . g .
Nada does n’t catch the bus . (ability . Use : a – can b – able c – capable d – ability )
Ans . \\
A – Nada can’t catch the bus .
B – Nada is unable to catch the bus .
C – Nada is incapable of catching the bus .
D – Nada does n’t have the ability to catch the bus .
E . g .
Boys can’t **** . ( ability . Use : a – able b – capacity )
Ans . \\
A – Boys are unable to **** .
B – Boys do n’t have the capacity to **** .
4 – non ability \ in the past
E . g .
Meha did n’t pass the exam . ( ability . Use : a – able b – ability )
Ans . \\
A – Meha was unable to pass the exam .
B – Meha did n’t have the ability to pass the exam .
E . g .
Girls could n’t sew a dress . ( ability . Use : capable )
Ans . \\
Girls were incapable of sewing a dress .
5 – asking about ability \ in the present
E . g .
Ask Ali about his ability to climb a tree . Use : a – can b – able c – capable d – ability
Ans . \\
A – Can you climb a tree ?
B – Are you able to climb a tree ?
C – Are you capable of climbing a tree ?
D – Do you have the ability to climb a tree ?
E . g .
Can Nada type ? ( Use : a –able b – ability )
Ans . \\
A – Is Nada able to type ?
B – Does Nada have the ability to type ?
E . g .
Can plants fly ? ( Use : able )
Ans . \\
Are plants able to fly ?
6 – asking about ability \ in the past
E . g .
Ask Mahir about his ability to swim when he was four .( Use : a – can b – able c – capable d – ability )
Ans . \\
A –Could you swim when you were four ?
B – Were you able to swim when you were four .
C – Were you capable of swimming when you were four ?
D – Did you have the ability to swim when you were four ?
E . g .
Could Salwa speak French ? ( Use : able )
Ans . \\
Was Salwa able to speak French ?
GOOD LUCK

[ضيف]

Unit Eight
Oral Practice
Apologizing
1 - ( only apology )
E . g .
You are late for the first lesson because of the traffic . Apologize for your teacher .
Ans . \\
I am sorry to be late for the first lesson . It was the traffic.
2 - ( Apology and Offer )
E . g .
Your friend has lent you a pen . You have lost it . You apologize and offer to give him another pen .
Ans . \\
I am sorry for losing your pen .
Shall I give you another pen ?
3 - ( You want someone to repeat what is said )
E . g .
The teacher has said something that you could n’t understand . You want him to repeat what he has said .
Ans . \\
I beg your pardon .
Or Pardon .
4 – ( Apologizing for breaking a promise )
E . g .
You have promised a friend to lend him your camera . You have found out that your brother has broken it . Apologze to your friend .
Ans . \\
I am sorry that I can’t lend you my camera as I have promised . My brother has broken it .
5 - ( Apologizing instead of somebody )
E . g .
Your little brother drop a cup of tea on the carpet .
( Apologize )
Ans . \\
I am sorry that my little brother drop a cup of tea on the carpet .
6 - ( Apologizing and suggestion )
E . g .
You have invited your friend for lunch next Friday . But now you have to leave town on Thursday for three days on official business . Apologize to your friend and suggest another date for the invitation .
Ans . \\
I am sorry that I have to postpone the invitation for lunch next Friday . I have to leave town on Thursday for three days on official business . What about the following Friday ?
7 – What will you say when someone apologizes to you or says ’sorry ’ to you ?
Ans . \\
A – Do n’t worry . Or
B – It does n’t matter . Or
C – Never mind . Or
D – Forget it .

GOOD LUCK

[ام حيدر]

[ضيف]

Unit Nine
Oral Practice
1 – asking about opinions
E . g .
Ask Nada about her opinion of your new dress .
Ans . \\
What do you think of my new dress ?
Or \\
What is your opinion of my new dress ?
2 – expressing opinions
E . g .
Express your opinion of football . ( Use: a wonderful game )
( Use : a-think b-believe c-suppose d-seems
e-know…fact f-far…concerned g-as…see )
Ans . \\
a-I think football is a wonderful game .
b-I believe football is a wonderful game .
c-I suppose football is a wonderful game .
d-It seems to me football is a wonderful game .
e-I know for a fact that football is a wonderful game .
f-As far as I am concerned , football is a wonderful game .
g-As I see it , football is a wonderful game .
3- agreement with an opinion
Examples :
a-Muna thinks the Iraqi soldiers are brave . (agree )
Ans . \\
I agree . They won many battles .
b-I think Mr. Mahdi deserves promotion . ( agree )
Ans . \\
That ’s just what I was thinking . He is a hard working man who never arrives to his office late .
c-Ali believes the new manager is reasonable .
(agree using the ’tail question ’)
Ans . \\
He is , is n’t he ?
E . g .
Mazin thinks girls are nice ( agree . use the tail question )
Ans . \\
They are , are n’t they ?
E . g .
Meha belives the plan will succeed . (agree. Use the tail question )
Ans . \\
It will , won’t it ?
E . g .
Hasan believes Ali plays well . ( agree.Use the tail question )
Ans . \\
He does , does n’t he ?
E . g .
Salim thinks Meha spoke English well . ( agree.Use the tail question )
Ans . \\
She did , did n’t she ?
E . g .
Mahir thinks they drink all the milk . ( agree. Use the tail question .)
Ans . \\
They do , do n’t they ?
d- agreement with unfavourable opinions
E . g .
I think Peter will die . ( agree )
Ans . \\
I am afraid he will .
E . g .
I believe Mark is unlucky . ( agree )
Ans . \\
I am afraid he is .
E . g .
It seems to me that Mary plays badly . ( agree )
Ans . \\
I am afraid she does .
4- disagreement with an opinion
Examples :
a-Falah thinks cars are the worst evil that man has ever created . ( disagree )
Ans . \\
I am afraid I do n’t agree with you .
Cars are the best means that man has ever created .
b-Nibraas believes the speech was good . ( disagree )
Ans . \\
I am not sure I quite agree .
I do n’t believe the speech was good .
c-As I see it , Firas’s work is promising . ( disagree )
Ans . \\
Well , actually I do n’t think it is .
I think Mazin’s work is promising .
d-I suppose the lesson was a waste of time . ( disagree )
Ans . \\
I am afraid I do n’t agree with you .
The lesson was n’t a waste of time .
5- partial disagreement Or non – full agreement
Examples :
a – Mazin thinks farmers make good money . ( partial disagreement )
Ans . \\
Perhaps , but do n’t you think that it depends on season .
b – It seems to me that big cities are nice to live in .
( non – full agreement )
Ans . \\
Yes , that ’s quite true , but do n’t forget they are too crowded and too noisy .
C – I think Schools should open the whole year . You agree but think that summer is too hot .
Ans . \\
Well , you have a point there ; but do n’t you agree that summer is too hot .

S GOOD LUCKG

[ضيف]

Unit Ten
Oral Practice
1- Obligation
E . g .
Oblige your little daughter to do her homework daily .
( Use : a-ought to b-must c-should d-have to
e-Had better )
Ans . \\
a-You ought to do your homework daily .
b-You must do your homework daily .
c-You should do your homework daily .
d-You have to do your homework daily .
e-You had better do your homework daily .
E . g .
I feel tired . ( obligation . Use : must )
Ans . \\
You must have some rest .
2- Obligation in the past
E . g .
Mazin did not keep his promise . What will you say to him as a form of obligation ?
Ans . \\
You should have kept your promise .
Or \\
You ought to have kept your promise .
E . g .
Nada was absent yesterday .(obligation . Use : present)
Ans . \\
Nada should have been present .
3- Asking about obligation
E . g .
Ask your boss if you ought to attend the meeting .
( Use : a-must b-should c-have to )
Ans . \\
a-Must I attend the meeting ?
b-Should I attend the meeting ?
c-Do I have to attend the meeting ?
4- Release from obligation
E . g .
Must I eat three apples a day .( Release )
Ans . \\
No , you need n’t eat three apples a day .
Or \\
No , you do n’t have to eat three apples a day .
5- Non – Necessity in the past
E . g .
A –( if the sentence given is affirmative )
Sally attended the party .No one invited her .
( non – necessity )
Ans . \\
Sally need n’t have attended the party .
B- ( if the sentence given is negative )
Ali did n’t go to school by bus .His friend gave him a lift.
( non – necessity )
Ans . \\
Ali did n’t have to go to school by bus .
6- Warning Or prohibition
E . g .
Prevent you brother from driving fast .(Use: ’dangerous’ as justification )
(Use : a-do b-avoid c-look out d-ought to
e-had better )
Ans . \\
a-Do n’t drive fast . It is dangerous .
b-Avoid driving fast . It is dangerous .
c-Look out . Driving fast is dangerous .
d-You ought not drive fast . It is dangerous
e-You had better not drive fast . It is dangerous .
E . g .
Use ’must’ to warn a child not to go too close to the loose wire .( Use :’hurt yourself’as justification )
Ans . \\
You must n’t go too close to the loose wire .
You may hurt yourself .
E . g .
Prevent your son from exceeding the speed limit .
( Give justification )
Ans . \\
Avoid exceeding the speed limit .You may cause an accident .


10 . 12 \\\ Page - 124 \\\ The Answers
1- You must work harder .
2- You must not get to work late in your new job tomorrow .
3- He does not have to get up early tomorrow because it is a holiday .
4- You ought to give up smoking .
5- You had better study for the exam .
6- You need n’t come early tomorrow .
7- You should not have exceeded the speed limit .

15 . 9 \\\ Page 165 \\\ The Answers
62-You ought to get up earlier .
63-You must be careful .
64-No , you need n’t accompany me to the market .
65- No , you need n’t help me with my homework .
66- You should have arrived on time .
67- She should have had her breakfast .
68- Avoid eating that bread . It is stale .
69- Avoid jumping into cold water . You may get cold .
70- You’d better not drive fast . You may have an accident .
71- Do n’t work overtime .

GOOD LUCK